| Sažetak (engleski) | The paper investigates the use of anglicisms in the jargon of business people, computer experts and young people. The strong influence of the English language is reflected not only in numerous newly created anglicisms in the Croatian language and the adoption of English elements of word formation, but also in the adoption of English words in their original form, without adaptation. We problematize words that are taken from the English language in their original form (influencer, bullying) and adapted or semi-adapted ones (luzer, downloadati). As a more recent phenomenon, we are also exploring adaptations such as hejtati or bindžanje. In a large number of cases, anglicisms are used regardless of whether there is a suitable Croatian name or not, and the paper shows that Croatian names as English equivalents exist in almost all cases. The problem is that unadjusted newly formed words can enter the standard Croatian language through colloquial language and the media, which can consequently mean a threat to its preservation and long-term sustainability. Through an extensive corpus, the frequency and forms in which anglicisms appear are analyzed, and at the same time, a comprehensive range of anglicism usage is presented through exemplified daily jargon of business people, computer experts and young people. The corpus includes examples from oral as well as written communication. The analysis establishes that in a large number of cases equivalent terms of Croatian origin do exist but are seldom used, which leads to the conclusion that most equivalents are rarely used in reality and that groups this paper refers to prefer anglicisms over the Croatian lexicon in their jargon. The goal of this research is to show the current challenges caused by the dynamics of the influx of anglicisms and to contribute to the continuous dialogue about anglicisms that are becoming established in our everyday environment. Additionally, based on examples from the corpus, the paper aims to determine the frequency of use of English words by members of the three mentioned groups and to determine to what extent English words are preferred over Croatian words. Given that we are investigating a specific language variety, we will especially refer to jargon as such. We start building the paper based on the following hypotheses: 1. English terms often arrive in the Croatian language, which, due to the speed and dynamics with which they appear, are often not fully adapted to our language, therefore inconsistency is seen in this regard. 2. For most of the anglicizations that we analyze, it is possible to offer a Croatian term. 3. Despite the fact that equivalents exist, anglicisms are still used in practice, which indicates that the groups from this study prefer anglicism over the native lexicon. The structure of the paper consists of two larger units - in the first we provide theoretical knowledge about the topic, and in the second we analyze in depth three selected areas in which we monitor the use of anglicisms and then, as a key contribution, we provide an overall overview of the corpus in alphabetical order. To create the corpus, we chose terms and expressions that we found to be very often used in the daily communication of our research groups, that is, terms that we considered to be accurate or particularly interesting in terms of terminological doubts (this especially applies to terms for which there is no suitable Croatian expression). In addition, we included in the text certain English words that we considered interesting in the context of the topic, that is, English words that we determined that the members of the researched groups use in their jargon or in their daily communication. The fact that many members of the researched groups opt for the English term, even when it is not a recent term, but simply wants to replace the Croatian word with English without a clear background is considered to be particularly indicative in terms of a preference for the English language. We have structured the corpus in such a way that in the first column we present the examined word (anglicism), in the second column the Croatian term for the specified anglicism, i.e. the proposed translation (and where suitable Croatian equivalents do not exist, we state this and where we consider it relevant, we propose our own solution ), while in the third column we exemplified the specified anglicism, taking into account the context and ways of expressing that are close to the researched groups. In the third column, we also added a comment wherever we felt that a deeper evaluation was needed and/or that the comment would bring additional value to the analysis. The extensive corpus consists of various sources: relevant scientific literature, daily media articles, a database of internet sites and forums, as well as content that we got through virtual platforms and social networks (LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok), classic short text messages within mobile networks (SMS messages) and applications for instant messaging used on smartphones (Viber, WhatsApp). In addition to the above, the material was also collected by recording English words that are used daily in conversational language (in oral as well as written communication). In the first part of the paper, the globalization is mentioned as a complex phenomenon that has been affecting the contemporary society for a long time, both in the socio-economic, scientifictechnological and political context, as well as in the context of communication, language and culture. In the linguistic context, too, it is important to note that homogeneous local communities are more and more a thing of the past, and the new generations feel more and more like citizens of the world. We are more mobile, global contents are more accessible to us, and science and technology are rapidly erasing borders and setting new trends and frameworks. Languages are not immune to ubiquitous globalization either, and figuratively speaking, English is the language of globalization. We know that language is subject to change and that, among other things, language interference certainly plays a role in that change, the end result of which is linguistic borrowing. The Croatian language, like the vast majority of European languages, is heavily influenced by English as the dominant world language, so it is not unusual that this topic constantly causes linguistic controversies. Although loanwords can enrich the language into which they are borrowed and are in some cases good, even necessary solutions, in others they can be unnecessary or even harmful intervention that, in the long run, negatively affects Croatian language. Of particular concern is the fact that anglicisms can enter (and persist) in the Croatian standard language, where they spread primarily thanks to the media. Precisely because language borrowing can be very invasive and taking into account the interest for this topic among Croatian experts who keep discussing the issue of anglicisms, analysing the potential consequences of the (mis)adaptation of English words is today perhaps as important as ever. Knowing that the dynamics and intensity of the influx of anglicisms are such that (completely and correctly) adapting many of them to the Croatian language oftenly isn´t managable in a short period of time, and also keeping in mind that the groups investigated in this paper mostly use English words in the form in which they are found in the original language, deeper understanding of the jargon itself becomes even more important. Specific groups that are subject to investigation were chosen because a preliminary analysis led to the conclusion that the use of anglicisms is particularly spread among their members and at the same time, these are the groups that are very inclined to use jargon in daily communication. In an attempt to define the jargon, we must firstly investigate the characteristics of jargon and the relationship between jargon and the standard Croatian language. Jargon and standard language coexist and their relationship is quite complex. Due to the fact that it is sometimes difficult to draw a sharp line in distinguishing the dialectisms, colloquialisms and regionalisms (which belong to standard Croatian language) from the jargon (which does not), defining the jargon isn´t easy. However, based on the analysis and the relevant scientific insights, all of the definitions mention the terms social group, special language, narrow circle of interest, spontaneous, differentiation, belonging. This serves as a basis for conclusion that the jargon would be a specific language used by members of the same group to communicate among themselves, which they utilize also as a tool for self-actualization, identification with the group, and confirmation of one's own social status. It is an instrument for those who use it to achieve a sense of belonging and affirmation, but also to distinguish themselves from the rest of the society. Going further, the paper analyses the word formation processes when it comes to jargon. In Croatian linguistics, there is a fairly wide range of different definitions when it comes to types and typologies of word formation processes, and jargon is considered an additionally complex category. However, it can be concluded that the most common types of word formation processes in Croatian jargon are as follows: suffixation, clipping or shortening, blending, metaphor and linguistic borrowing. Given the focus on anglicisms, in the context of the paper linguistic borrowing has the biggest significance. Before presenting the corpus, each of the investigated group is described and analysed in more detail. Even though business people, as well as computer experts and young people each have their own characteristics, there is a lot of factors that connect them mutually. In a large number of cases these are people who (regardless of their age) see themselves as urban, who maintain that they have open views and who want to fit into the image of a modern cosmopolitans. They are digitally savy in almost all cases and in whichever the way, English is the language of their daily communication. They often travel, get used to diversity, and are heavily exposed to the English. Due to the context of the globalized world, which is changing faster and more intense than ever before, English language imposes itself as a language that "everyone understands", as a modern language that connects people everywhere in the world. Members of the investigated groups don't just see it as popular, they see it as a better and superior language, a language with which one can say what they cannot say with Croatian. Much of this has its roots in the global influence and dominance of the English language seen through the media and the entertainment industry, consumed equally by all of the groups herewith analysed. This is the main thought with which the theorethical part of the paper is concluded. Anglicisms are seen as a mass phenomenon in Croatian language, reflected in many segments and layers of society and in almost all industries, especially in the media. |
