| Sažetak | Klasični je književni kanon neodvojiv od konteksta nastanka zapadne civilizacije i ideje kanona kao mjere, a svoje začetke ima u ideji o antičkoj grčkoj. Arbitrarnost i strukturalna isključivost prema Drugima zapadnjačkog klasičnog kanona počinju se jasnije problematizirati od šezdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća. Prvo putem feminističke kritike, pa postkolonijalne teorije i na kraju kulturalnih studija. Kraj 20. stoljeća obilježava rasprava o književnom kanonu koja se vodi na dva pola, onoj estetskoj i političkoj, a pitanje njegove tvorbe tumači se i unutar društvenog konteksta njegove konstitucije. Novo tisućljeće raspravu uvodi u novu dimenziju. Klasični se književni kanon suočava s pitanjima vlastitog porijekla, ali i višestrukim Drugima koje ovoga puta ne može isključiti postavljanjem jednostavne binarne razlike prema njima. To dodatno usložnjava i pozicije onih koji teže njegovu otvaranju i koji isto tako više nisu jednoobrazni Drugi. Multiplikacije identitetskih odrednica, ali i stvaranje novih globalno povezanih zajednica, kao i globalnih mreža uvodi u raspravu o književnosti i književnom kanonu u globalnom svijetu i nemogućnost njegove definicije prema klasičnim obrascima. Zato se javlja potreba pronalaska metode i pristupa koji omogućava uključivanje različitih identiteta i dijelova svijeta. U globalnom svijetu umreženog društva digitalna je tehnologija stvorila stalno povezano i stalno dostupno društvo. U tom se svijetu književnost tvori kao distributivna mreža, a književni kanon kao zajednica ne-povezanih. Klasični nacionalni književni kanon, koji u radu predstavlja temeljnu centralističku tvorbenu, istraživačku i analitičku jedinicu isto takve klasične centralističke zapadnjačke i svjetske književnosti, u umreženom društvu raz-građuje se na svoje sastavnice, ali se i proširuje na one koji su povijesno izvan nacionalnih konstituirajućih načela. One koji su, da bi se nacionalno moglo izgraditi, morali poreći i potisnuti svoje postojanje. Jedan je nastao na mnogima, a u umreženom društvu jedan postaje – jedan od. Umreženi književni kanon nastaje u prostoru književnosti u kojem supostoje svi autori i sva književna djela prvenstveno kao elementi književne mreže, a tek onda kao povijesne i geografske tvorbe. Umreženi književni kanon nastaje kao mreža rodno, jezično, žanrovski, književno-povijesno, vremenski i mjesno različitih. Rad ima formu studije slučaja koja daje teorijski pristup književnosti i izgradnji književnog kanona u umreženom društvu temeljenog na digitalnom kao konceptu i distributivnoj mreži kao modelu i metodološkom pristupu tog koncepta. U radu se utvrđuju načela izgradnje književnog kanona i književnosti kao distributivne mreže. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | In the introduction, the topic of the literary canon is positioned in a wider social context; i.e. examining the impact of digital on society, institutions and literature. It is ascertained that the theories of world literature and current debates about the literary canon do not bring its structuring into direct relation with wider social changes; including changes in social models. Furthermore, they do not consider networked society as a context and concept for the research of literature in the global world. At the same time, the Eurocentricity of world literature, the equating of world literature with European literature, and the participation of politically and economically strong global countries in the literary canon of world literature are emphasised. The paper therefore investigates the construction of a literary canon based on the main determinants of a networked society, and on literary theories that appeared in the second half of the 20th century as an opposition to the classic centralistic canons of national literature. The paper sees digital as a new possibility for literature. The research places Croatian literature and the national literary canon at the centre of interest, explores the status and influence of the global world on literature, and the structuring of the Croatian literary canon. Classical national literature represents a centralised structure as opposed to the distributive structure of a networked literary canon. The paper examines the structure and formation of the literary canon. The research is conducted on the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia, which represents a model of a networked society. The construction of the theory of networked literature and the literary canon is achieved via the transfer of structuring principles from the research level to the theoretical level. In the chapter “Formation of the literary canon”, the historical structuring of the literary canon as centralised structure is analysed. This centralistic structure is embedded in the national, western and classical canon of world literature, and is manifested in the structural exclusion of Others. This canon finds its measure in the idea of the ancient principles and its universal tendencies. Against it are feminist critics, postcolonial theory and cultural studies that point to its inherent discriminatory design and its arbitrariness. Current theories about literature in the global world differ according to the approach to world literature in which Western theories focus on the national, while Eastern theories advocate finding an approach that bypasses any centricity, including a tendency to focus on national. National literature is a part of world literature, so their structure is taken as a basic principle that represents the Western approach to building a literary canon in general. In addition to the canon, the centrality of the theoretical approach is emphasised, but it is also emphasised in the chapter that literature should not be dependent on the power of politically and economically strong nations. Such a model would potentially include literatures that had not been included previously, such as literatures of ‘minor’ nations and ‘minor’ languages, as well as a greater number of female and minority authors and contemporary authors. The chapter also provides the foundations for setting up the research questions, namely relating to the inclusion of female authors, contemporary authors, global linguistic unification and preconditions of the national for the global. Thus, it is shown that contemporary theories about the literary canon fail to bridge the differences and dichotomies of First and Second, East and West, as well as the centre and periphery. Conflict involving the unequal representation of world literary traditions in the global literary canon, without minimising the importance of the quality of the literary text, cannot be bridged by an approach that focuses on these same differences and centralised structures. Genre hierarchy and classification, which includes implicit gender, racial, cultural, and linguistic conditionality; and also literary periods and time of creation; i.e. everything that used to be the norm for thinking about the literary canon, is recognized as its obvious exclusivity. This norm is made according to the Western canon, which has its roots in antiquity, and is replicated in modern times through the renaissance, colonisation and the notion that the West’s understanding of national literary canons is the universal standard. The question of the inclusion of Others becomes the basic theoretical question of the canon’s creation; at the level of all the mentioned segments of its structural exclusivity. In the chapter “Description of the research”, the goals, hypotheses, research questions, research methodology and the methods used are introduced, as well as the theoretical-analytical framework of the research design. Furthermore, the concept of the distributive network is explained. The topic of the paper is the structuring of the literary canon in a networked society, and the main issue of the paper is the principles of its formation. The aim of the paper is to determine the structure, theoretical assumptions, methodology and terminology of literature as a distributive network, to determine the status of Croatian literature in the global literary network and the influence of networked society on the Croatian literary canon. Tabular representations of collected data and results of quantitative methods are given in Annex 1 of the paper, while a summary is given inside the paper. The creation of the Collective Database of Croatian Authors, which is used as the basic research database and made from four online institutional sources, is explained. Moreover, research data is collected from an online encyclopaedia in English and Croatian, of which English encyclopaedia is the primary one. The methodology of the work is placed in a theoretical context of the literary field and the networked society, and the applied methods and analytical strategies are explained. The paper is structured as a case study in which a separate case study of Croatian literature in a networked society is incorporated. In the case study on Croatian literature in the networked society, quantitative and qualitative analytical methods are used. Quantitative methods are based on descriptive statistics and the social network analysis method. The research results are placed in a comparative context of the classical literary canon and the structures of the networked society. The research results are also analysed within the contexts of feminism, postcolonialism and contemporary approaches to world literature. In the chapter “Croatian literature in a networked society”, the research results and analysis are presented. The chapter presents the results in three units. The first unit examines the institutional-social context. The second unit examines the social-literary context, and the third unit focuses on the national-global context. A short conclusion is given after the second and third unit. The central quantitative analytical part is included in the second unit, within which the concept of structuring a networked literary canon is elaborated on using the qualitative analysis of networked selections represented by Wiki projects Literature, Novels, Poetry and Theater, which are also part of the Wiki project Croatia. The social network analysis method, in addition to the formal characteristics of the network, also analyses the authorities and centres of the network, as well communities in the network. The webpage names of authors and literary works from the English online encyclopaedia are used as elements for social network analysis, and the webpage names referring to them are used as links. Descriptive statistics are used to process the collected data. These include the ratio of female authors to contemporary female authors, the number of those authors who have a webpage on English Wikipedia but not on the Croatian Wikipedia, the number of translations of literary works into English according to the presence, number of links and importance in the network of literary works of the authors taken from the Collective Database of Croatian Authors, who have a webpage on the English version of Wikipedia. In the analysis of networked selections, represented by the mentioned Wiki projects, content from the webpages of the online encyclopaedia is used, and the collected data and results are placed according to the classic Croatian literary canon, feminist criticism and postcolonial theory. The results of the research show that the literary canon in a networked society is formed as a distributive network of un-connected elements, and its main building principles are compatible with the identities of networked society. In principle, the networked literary canon can be determined on two basic tendencies of its disassembly. The first tendency is p-reservation, and the second is co-operation. The presumption of the global world as a unifying one, which is symbolised with the loss of national and linguistic identity turns out to be the opposite. It is one in which the possibilities for female authors especially come to the forefront which is made possible by the complexity of the national and in its own structure of the network. Also, in this part of the paper, it is determined that there is a difference between the digital as an age, within which the classic literary canon closes its creation and is thus centralised, and digital as a space in which selections occur that are not connected within the network of classical paradigms and historical-social links. This leads to two approaches to the literary canon in networked society, i.e. historical and theoretical approach. From the theoretical approach to the networked literary canon, a distributive literary network is developed. The core of the literary canon is diversified by multiplying Others that cannot be positioned as a simple binary opposition to the centre. Only together do they build a network of literary elements in which no one is considered Other. But the First does not disappear. They become one of the elements of the network – a part of it. Thus, in the distributive literary canon no one is considered First; all works are considered diversifying Others. In the chapter “Literary canon as a distributive network”, research results and collected data are analysed within the concepts of a networked society and literature as a distributive network. Digital as a concept explains the structures and principles of the construction, determines the functions, organisation of elements, defines the terminology, methodology and theoretical framework of literature and the literary canon as networked. The results are interpreted within the current discussions about global literature and the global literary canon. First, the literary canon is treated as a community of un-connected elements. After that, the structuring of the literary canon and literature is achieved by transposing the research results to the framework of global literature construction. The transfer is done according to the principle that national literatures are not centralised and that the elements of the literary network are un-connected. The notions of space and time are explained in which all literary works are considered and authors participate according to the primary criterion that literature comes first, and then all geographical, historical, social, political and linguistic differences constructed in classical historical approach come next. The inclusion of Others becomes a prerequisite for the construction of a literary canon in a networked society, and the methodology of its construction is a distributive network. The distributive network model provides a theoretical framework for a global literary network. The global literary network is characterised by dynamism, but a dynamism that is embedded in the hierarchies of selection, in which none of them are superior to the Other. The research, along with the application of a new theoretical approach to literature and the literary canon, also enters the field of literary history, given that the paper also discusses space and time as important components of the changes brought about by networked society. Also, based on changes in paradigms and the experience of the world, space and time, as well as the basic principles and methods of approaching literature, there are new ways and models of comparison presented; influencing the basic methods of comparative literature. The conclusion provides an overview of the conducted research and places it in the context of wider repercussions of digital trends on literature. At the foundation of networked society is digital technology, so the digital and functioning of digital technology are used as a concept. The premise of the work is the fact that we live in a networked society in which classical structures, and thus the literary canon, are being modified, and in which classical centralist structures are being transformed and taking on the structure of a distributive network. The distributive network is at the foundation of a networked society, which is also a feature of new ways of functioning and thinking that comes with the general application of digital technology. This in turn leads to a different perception of the world. An abstract distributive network is presented as the concept, also as a methodical approach to literature in the globally un-connected world where the literary canon exists as a community of the Others. So, the defined scientific contribution of the paper, according to the research plan, is in the approach to defining the literary canon as a distributive network and the transmission of the digital to the science of literature through a networked society. It places Croatian literature in the context of the global literary network by analysing the results of changes in global paradigms related to Croatian literature, and explaining the status of Croatian literature in a networked society with an emphasis on translations into English as a criterion for presence in the global literary network. Furthermore, it also analyses the application of digital humanities methods as a means to create a database of input data for a case study, based on which the theoretical framework of networked literature is defined via the example of Croatian literature. |
