| Abstract | U devetnaestome se stoljeću začela klica modernoga doba. Osim povijesnih vrela, današnjim čitateljima ili istraživačima za bolje shvaćanje društvenog i kulturnog života onoga vremena uvelike može pomoći književnost i njezina ostavština. Realizam je književna epoha koja dominira većim dijelom devetnaestoga stoljeća, a kao što i sam naziv sugerira, razdoblje je to u kojem se pisci u prvom redu oslanjaju na stvarnost, na realan život koji posredstvom umjetničkog stvaranja ulazi u književnost. Ovaj diplomski rad svoj fokus usmjerava na prezentaciju likova žena – majki u devetnaestoljetnoj književnosti, a među odabranim djelima se nalazi pet romana (Ponos i predrasude, Male žene, Gospođa Bovary, Posljednji Stipančići, Baruničina ljubav), te jedno dramsko djelo (Nora – Lutkina kuća). Analiza će se likova majki u ovom radu odvijati u ključu feminističkih i psihoanalitičkih teorija.
Majke kao likovi su u književnosti prisutne od pamtivijeka. Neka kanonski krucijalna djela svjetske književnosti, ali i kulture općenito, upravo nam u prvi plan iznose likove majki kao neupitno važne, a čijim odsustvom bi se promijenilo i naličje cjelokupne književne tradicije. Književnost devetnaestoga stoljeća je uto zanimljivija jer nudi čitateljima svojevrsnu paralelu sa stvarnim životom ljudi onoga doba, stoga se iz te perspektive i pristupilo analizi izabranih majki iz književnosti 19. stoljeća. Feminizam kakvog danas poznajemo, ili njegov zametak koji se oformio u prethodnom stoljeću, 19. stoljeće ipak nije poznavalo. Žene nisu imale gotovo nikakva politička i društvena prava, a njihova je sudbina u velikoj mjeri bila određena već samim rođenjem. Žene su odgajane u građanskoj obiteljskoj zajednici u kojoj su vrijedila pravila patrijarhata, te je život stvarnih kao i literarnih majki bio potanko izrežiran od strane muškaraca, onih koji su pisali i stvarali zakone. Podruku takvoj tradiciji, i samo majčinstvo se nametalo i propagiralo ženama putem obrazovanja i odgoja kao najviši oblik i smisao njihova postojanja, što odabrana književna djela samo dodatno potvrđuju. Najčešće se za idealan tip majke ustalio naziv anđeo u kući, ali književnost se neće zadržati samo na prezentaciji njih, već će prikazati i onu drugu, devijantnu, nepokornu i seksualiziranu stranu žena – majki, prisutnu kod takozvanih nemoralnih majki. |
| Abstract (english) | The germ of the modern age began in the nineteenth century. In addition to historical sources, literature and its legacy can greatly help today's readers or researchers to better understand the social and cultural life of the time. Realism is a literary movement that dominates most of the nineteenth century, and as the name suggests, it is a period in which writers rely primarily on reality, they try to portray the life as it truly was. This thesis focuses on the presentation of mother figure in nineteenth-century literature, and among the selected works are five novels (Pride and Prejudice, Little Women, Mrs. Bovary, The Last Stipančić’s, Baroness love), and one play (Nora – A doll’s house). To the analysis of mother figures in literature in this thesis would be approached from two aspects, from feministic and psychoanalytic theories.
Mothers as characters have been present in literature since ever. Some canonically crucial works of world literature bring to the fore the characters of mothers as unquestionably important figures not only for literature but for the human culture. Nineteenth-century literature is even more interesting because it paints the picture of the real life of that time. According to realistic poetic, literar characters represent the way real people could live, think and act in that period. Feminism as we know it today did not exist back in the 19th century. Women had no political or social rights, and their fate was largely determined by their own birth. Women were raised in a bourgeois family community where the rules of patriarchy applied, and the lives of real as well as literary mothers were directed in detail by men, by those who wrote and made laws. Along wth that, motherhood itself was imposed and propagated to women through education and upbringing as the highest form and meaning of their becoming, which selected literary works only further confirm. The ideal type of mother was the angel in the house, but literature will not only focus on their presentation, but will also show the other, deviant, disobedient, sexualized side of women-mothers, present in so-called immoral mothers. |
