| Abstract | Arheološka istraživanja kasnosrednjovjekovnih grobalja na prostoru srednje Bosne bila su poprilično rijetka i uglavnom nisu pratila intenzitet arheoloških iskopavanja lokaliteta iz drugih vremenskih epoha. Istraženo je, i to uglavnom parcijalno, tek nekih tridesetak grobalja, dok ih je vjerovatno bilo više od 600. Osim toga, rezultati iskopavanja su rijetko u cjelosti objavljeni. U pisanju disertacije upotrebljeni su materijalni ostaci kasnosrednjovjekovnog razdoblja s područja srednje Bosne do kojih se došlo uglavnom tijekom arheoloških istraživanja. Pri tom, podaci korišteni za znanstvenu obradu su prikupljeni iz nekoliko izvora. Prvenstveno su prezentirani rezultati iskopavanja grobalja koja je autor u proteklom periodu obavio (Kopošići kod Ilijaša, Divičani kod Jajca, Arnautovići kod Visokog, Metaljica kod Tarčina). Izvršen je i detaljan pregled stručne i znanstvene literature i izvora objavljenih od kraja XIX stoljeća do danas, kao i pregled dostupnih arheoloških izvješća i terenske dokumentacije. Dosadašnja istraživanja su se uglavnom odnosila na prezentiranje rezultata iskopavanja pojedinih grobalja ili parcijalnu obradu arheološkog materijala pronađenog u grobovima. Nije bilo radova u kojima bi bile sintetski sagledane različite vrste grobova počevši od ukopa u prostu zemlju pa sve do složenih konstrukcija u vidu raka napravljenih od kamenih ploča ili pak sarkofaga u obliku ljudskog tijela. Ista je situacija i sa, istina po prilično malobrojnim, nalazima i prilozima iz grobova. Pa ipak, sve to omogućava da se iščita socijalna slojevitost kasnosrednjovjekovnog življa srednje Bosne. Posmatrajući topografski položaj grobalja i njihov odnos sa prometnicama i crkvenim objektima može se zaključiti da je na ovom području dominantno sahranjivanje na vlastitoj zemlji, na manjim porodičnim grobljima bez ikakvih vjerskih objekata iako ne treba zanemariti i činjenicu da se u većim i urbanijim središtima sahranjivalo i pored crkava kakav je slučaj u Arnautovićima kod Visokog. Osim toga, položaj je skoro uvijek takakv da se groblje nalazilo na uzvišenom mjestu u odnosu na okolinu pri čemu su u obzir dolazili uglavnom manji prirodni brežuljci. U radu su po prvi put na jednom mjestu prikupljeni i analizirani svi dostupni podaci o arheološki istraženim kasnosrednjovjekovnim grobljima na području srednje Bosne. Na taj način arheološki materijal se može posmatrati i analizirati u arheološkom krajoliku unutar jedne topografske cjeline. Prikupljeni podaci su omogućili promatranje pozicioniranja groblja u odnosu na prometnice, gospodarske i rezidencijalne te sakralne objekte. Uz to može se, u skladu sa mogućnostima arheološkog materijala, posmatrati socijalna struktura stanovništva na području srednje Bosne, što se može iskoristiti za usporedne procese u srednjovjekovnoj Europi istog perioda. Na kraju, u radu su po prvi put prezentirani rezultati arheoloških iskopavanja više grobalja na predmetnom teritoriju. Osim toga prikupljeni i analizirani podaci omogućuju uvid u pogrebnu praksu kasnog srednjeg vijeka posebno jer se radi o području koje na ovaj način ranije nije stručno obrađivano. |
| Abstract (english) | Archaeological excavations of late medieval cemeteries in central Bosnia were quite rare and generally did not follow the intensity of archaeological excavations of sites from other time periods. Only about thirty cemeteries have been excavated, mostly only partly, while there are probably more than 600 cemeteries here. In addition, excavation results have rarely been published in full. In writing the dissertation, material remains of the late medieval period found mainly during archaeological excavations, from the area of central Bosnia were used. In doing so, presented data were collected from several sources. First of all, the results of the archeological excavations of the cemeteries that the author conducted in the past period are presented (Kopošići near Ilijaš, Divičani near Jajce, Arnautovići near Vsioki, Metaljica near Tarčin). Also, a detailed review of professional and scientific literature and sources published from the end of the 19th century to the present day was performed, as well as a review of available archaeological reports and field documentation. Previous research has mainly focused on presenting the results of excavations of individual cemeteries or partial processing of archaeological material found in graves. There were no works in which different types of graves were synthetically considered, starting from simple burial in the ground, all the way to complex structures in the form of or sarcophagi made in the shape of a human body. The situation is the same to the rather small number of finds from the graves. Nevertheless, all this makes it possible to read the social stratification of the late medieval population of central Bosnia. In the first place, it should be said that cemeteries next to churches are much rarer here compared to other parts of late medieval Bosnia and Europe. A good indicator of that is the number of over 600 cemeteries with stećak tombstones in the central Bosnia. Of course, we should not ignore the fact that here, too, people were buried next to churches or inside them, especially when it comes to cities or larger settlements such as Jajce or Arnautovići. Thus, the interior of the church in Jajce was completely filled with graves, and it was similar in Arnautovići. On the other hand, everywhere in the landscape, there are numerous, mostly smaller, cemeteries that represent a relic of burial on their own land, as is often stated in the inscriptions on stećak tombstones. The most probable reason for this lies in the fact that the reorganization of the parish system, which took place from the 11th to the 13th century in Europe, was not completed here. One of the reasons is the complex religious situation within the Bosnian state. From 1233, Bosnia remained without its diocese. It was moved to Đakovo. This ends the chapter of church reform in this area rather ingloriously. Unresolved religious issues would remain here until the second half of the 15th century. Burials inside the church were reserved for the clergy or nobility, as evidenced by burials inside the church of St. Marija in Jajce or Arnautovići near Visoko. However, members of the high nobility were also buried in smaller family cemeteries without church, as was the case in Kopošići near Ilijaš, where princes Mirko Radojević and Batić Mirković were buried. The main characteristic of the cemeteries in the central Bosnia is the placement of stećak tombstones above the graves. They were placed around the churches as well, but not inside them. The position of the deceased in all the cemeteries analyzed in this work is in most cases analogous to the general medieval Christian principle of burying the dead. As a rule, deceased were lying in the graves on their backs. The position of the arms varies from stretched out next to the body, crossed on the chest, lowered to the pelvis or some other variants. The depth of the graves varies and no principle can be drawn from it. Children's graves were the shallowest, what is quite understandable. The unnatural positions of the deceased, which appear sporadically, are in any case the exception, not the rule. Examples of this are the burials of the deceased without a head (Kopošići, Varošište) or with the face facing the ground (Oborci, Čipuljići). Most of the dead were buried in the plain soil. However, several burials have been registered in wooden coffins, some of which are quite massive, such as those from Pavlovac and Kopošići. Wood was used in graves in other ways, ie the deceased were covered with wooden planks (Potkriž, Guča Gora). The most numerous is the use of stone. Sometimes one or more stones were placed in the grave around the deceased, in several cases the construction was made of stone slabs in roof like formation above the deceased (Čelebići, Perin Han, Gornja Višnjica, Šabići) or by making a chest from the slabs (Luke, Ćatići). Stone walled tombs appear exclusively inside churches or mausoleums (Jajce, Turbe). Special cases are the central Bosnian stone sarcophagi. They consist of two parts: a lid and a lower part that was usually made in the shape of a human body. They seem to be a unique phenomenon both in Central Bosnia and in Central Europe in Late Medieval period. We find parallels only in the medieval monastic sarcophagi in England. To date, most of them have been found in the area of Travnik. In the central Bosnia, the existence of underground masonry mausoleums was also recorded. They were reserved mainly for prominent members of the nobility. Such are the mausoleums of Batalo in Turbe near Travnik, of Nespina near Visoko or the great judge Gradiša near Zenica. In this context, the unfinished underground mausoleum church - the so-called catacombs of Hrvoje Vukčić in Jajce, should be mentioned. The orientation of the graves is rather uneven. It is safe to say that the west-east appears in most cases, but that it is by no means dominant. Many cemeteries have a completely opposite or partially opposite orientation, and in several cases some of the graves are oriented opposite. In the cemeteries next to the church, the graves are in principle oriented in the same way as the church. Based on that, it can be concluded that if there is no church that can serve as a basis for orientation, then the graves are oriented according to some other determinants. These can be roads that pass by a cemetery, a river or some other parameters. It is in accordance with this that cemeteries in this area were most often formed along roads, streams or rivers. These are usually more or less elevated terrains in relation to the surroundings. Cemeteries are often near settlements, and sometimes next to fortified towns or within their walls like in Jajce. Another phenomenon in this area should be mentioned. In several cases cemeteries were built on apparently artificial creations that look like tumuli. They have been registered at the Gajani site in Alihodže near Travnik, Metaljica in Vilovac near Hadžići, Mile near Jajce, Markov kamen and Grebak near Zenica. Finds inside graves are rare but still occur. At the large cemetery in Čipuljići near Bugojno, approximately one third of the graves contained finds. In addition, finds in the form of coins, glass cups (Sarajevo, Biskup, Visoko), ceramic vessels (Biskup, Međuputnica, Didino guvno, Tičići) and rarely weapons (Čipuljići) appear on several others. In the jewelry category, it is mostly about earrings or rings. They mostly come from graves in which wealthier deceased people or nobles are buried. Among them, the most important are certainly the massive seal rings that are associated with King Tvrtko I Kotromanić or members of the noble family Pribinić. In several cases, the remains of textiles were found, as a rule of brocade, which are quite well preserved due to their metal parts, as is the case with Kopošići, Arnautovići, Biskup, Glavica, etc. In principle, members of the nobility are buried in these graves, so it is not surprising that they are buried in expensive pieces of clothing. In smaller cemeteries where ordinary people were buried, the finds were simpler or made of cheaper materials. Silver and gold are dominant in the graves of the most prominent. Most of the excavated graves in central Bosnia belong to adults. The lack or small number of child burials can be explained in several ways. In the first place is the absence of fully explored cemeteries. Another possibility is that children's graves were buried shallower, and children's bones are more sensitive to soil acidity, which ultimately leads to their disappearance. Not much can be said about paloedemographic analyzes for now. Data on anthropological analyzes from most of the investigated larger cemeteries are missing as well. Unfortunately, we still know very few exact dates for the cemeteries in central Bosnia. So far, only two 14C analyzes have been performed, one sample from the Arnautovići near Visoko and one from Zgošća near Kakanj. The sample from Arnautovići showed the date 1389- 1437. years with a 95.4% probability. On the other hand, the sample from Zgošća gave a much earlier date, in the middle of the 13th century. In addition, a couple of researched cemeteries can be dated based on written sources. Thus we know that the cemetery in Kopošići was used at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century. All this allows us to date the excavated cemeteries in central Bosnia from the 13th to the middle of the 15th century. |
