| Abstract (english) | The names of monetary units in the Croatian language belong to the banking and financial nomenclature, which so far has not been sufficiently terminologically processed. The analysis of such names in selected technical texts has shown that they can be divided into those fully accepted in the Croatian language and those for which different signifiers or variants are found, where the differences often stem from the phonological or morphological (non)conformity of the word with the Croatian linguistic system. For the purpose of terminological systematisation of such names, their occurrence was studied based on a corpus consisting of two sub-corpuses (language manuals, general handbooks and the publications of the Croatian National Bank and the European Central Bank, Croatian Web (HrWaC 2.2) in the Sketch Engine tool and the Croatian National Corpus). Finally, as a result, the thesis offers the standard language forms of the names according to which the List of monetary units and their symbols will be edited as well as the initial and final text on which this thesis is based. The first chapter provides a description of the topic of the thesis, the goals and hypotheses of research as well as the methodological framework. The names of monetary units are positioned in the language layer that, if viewed from the standard language perspective, is considered to be loanwords, a specific type of loanwords – the exoticisms. In the Croatian language, this type of loanwords is minimally adjusted in terms of orthography and morphology, which means that such loanwords largely keep their original form, that is, they function as the replicas of the original names in the recipient language. The language rule requires the phonetisation of such words according to the pronunciation in the original language, which means that foreign phonemes are replaced by the most similar Croatian phonemes. Such a judgement is often subjective for various reasons, which results in different signifiers or variants of some of the names of monetary units. At the start of research, two hypotheses were set: 1. The names of monetary units that rarely appear in the context of payment operations or that are not listed in the exchange rates in the Republic of Croatia often do not conform with the Croatian language system. 2. The number of the names of monetary units and/or the co-existence of different variants slows/slow down the process of their terminological systematisation. The first step in research was the listing of the names of monetary units according to the List of monetary units and their symbols, the initial and the final text of the entire research. The List of monetary units and their symbols is a document maintained by the Croatian National Bank on its website for the purpose of forming the exchange rate and for other purposes associated with the performance of payment operations by credit institutions. The List is updated in accordance with the notifications on changes submitted in English to the Croatian National Bank by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The List is a single document that comprises the current monetary units of all entities, states and countries. In this manner, the listed names of monetary units were analysed in the corpus comprising two sub-corpuses. The first sub-corpus consists of general language monolingual manuals and different general handbooks or online databases that contribute the majority of the names. The second sub-corpus is compiled in the Sketch Engine tool from the publications of the Croatian National Bank and the European Central Bank. The Croatian web corpus – hrWaC and the Croatian National Corpus have also been analysed as they provide insight into the occurrence of the names of monetary units in a slightly broader usage context. The second chapter provides an overview of the terminology as a scientific discipline, where the development of the discipline is described in general, the basic premises are given, the authors and terminological schools with their representatives are presented. Particular consideration is given to the development of terminological activity in the Croatian context in the 19th and the 20th century and terminological efforts in recent years are briefly described in the context of Croatia's accession to the European Union and the growing influence of the English language. In the third chapter, the terms of the general and specific language are discussed and the basic characteristics of the standard language are addressed: its autonomy, standardisation, mutlifunctionality and stability in space and time. The basic terminological concepts and different semantic relations, mononymy and homonymy are explained. The basic terminological principles when selecting terminological candidates to be applied in this research are also presented in this chapter. In the fourth chapter, the names of monetary units are analysed from the lexicological perspective. The term of exoticisms is defined more closely and their adjustment in the Croatian language is described. The levels of adjustment are explained: the phonological adjustment or transphonemisation, the adjustment of spelling or orthographic adjustment, the morphological adjustment or transmorphemisation and the semantic adjustment or transsemantisation. The List of monetary units and their symbols is also presented in more detail and a detailed description of its structure and function is also given in this chapter. Research is finally presented in the fifth chapter: initially, the subject matter of research is defined and the work methodology is explained in detail. Also, all manuals and online databases that constitute the entire corpus on which the names of monetary units have been analysed are mentioned individually. First, the results of the descriptive, more accurate morphological analysis of the names of monetary units are presented. In the first step, the names are divided into single-word (39) and multi-word names (39). Table 1 contains the names of monetary units according to the morphological structure: they are divided into those shared by multiple entities and those used by a single entity. The observation of the most frequent formation patterns is presented: the syntagm composed of a ktetic and a noun (exoticism) in multi-word names and the exoticism in single-word names. The results compiled in Table 2 and Table 3 were derived from the analysis of the names of monetary units in the first sub-corpus. They show the names of monetary units for which multiple signifiers or variants are found, in all, 64 of them and they are presented in Table 4. Further analysis focused on the classification of only those signifiers or variants into three basic categories: 1. the names with an adjective as the point of distinction between signifiers or variants 2. the names with a noun as the point of distinction between signifiers or variants 3. the names with other differences of signifiers or variants. Within each category, two different patterns were recognised: among the differences in the adjectival part, the following was observed: a) the occurrence of the adjectival part of the name of a monetary unit in relation to its non-occurrence and b) a different formation of the adjectival part (ktetic), in terms of the formation from ethnics or toponyms (entities). In the case of differences in the nominal part, the following was recognised: a) differences in the phonological adjustment of the name and b) differences in the morphological adjustment of the name. The names whose signifiers are different on other basis were grouped in the third category. Mainly, it concerns a partial or complete taking on the original name of a monetary unit, where it is regularly possible to "translate" a part of the name into Croatian because it is not an exoticism (e.g. lao kip / laoski kip (Lao kip), malawi kvača / malavska kvača (Malawian kwacha)). The analysis continued by identifying the names with multiple different signifiers or variants in the second sub-corpus, the one in the Sketch Engine tool and the Croatian National Corpus. For each name of a monetary unit, all recorded signifiers or variants were searched in the corpus, each was analysed separately and the terminological candidate was eventually selected. In the sixth chapter, terminological candidates are finally offered. After the analysis of individual signifiers or variants, the criteria are summarised according to which the best terminological candidate is selected for each name. Terminological candidates are shown in Table 5, and the underlying selection criteria can be summarised as four basic principles: 1. The names that were confirmed in the same form in all of the analysed manuals were not analysed further because their acceptance and conformity in the language system was considered to be completed and proven. This also makes them terminological candidates. 2. When selecting a terminological candidate, priority was given to the signifiers or variants offered by language manuals, in contrast to those offered by general handbooks. 3. In the case of multi-word names of monetary units, priority was given to those signifiers or variants in which the formation of ktetics relies on a toponym instead of an ethnic. 4. In the case of single-word names, regularly exoticisms, the signifiers or variants derived from the application of the rule on the replacement of the most similar Croatian phonemes were selected. Their pronunciation in the language from which the original name of the monetary unit came from was taken into account. In the seventh chapter, the set hypotheses are reviewed. The first hypothesis, according to which the names of monetary units that do not appear in the context of payment operations and that are not included in the exchange rates in the Republic of Croatia often do not conform with the Croatian language system, was confirmed and corroborated by identifying multiple different signifiers or variants for the majority of the names of monetary units. The second hypothesis, according to which the number of the names of monetary units and/or the co-existence of different signifiers or variants slow down the process of their terminological systematisation, has also been confirmed because it is considered that the rules (primarily of phonological) adjustment of these words in the Croatian language are often subject to the subjective experience of pronunciation of the original names, in particular in the case of to us remote and unknown languages. In conclusion, the topic covered by this research is complex and requires the attention of the linguistic community, primarily of the linguistic community addressing terminology issues. The terminological candidates offered in this research should provide incentive to the general linguistic questioning and defining of such names as part of the banking and financial terminology. This is precisely where we see the contribution of this thesis to terminological activity in general. |
