Abstract | U ovom se radu istražuju kolokacije u strukovnom jeziku strojarstva primjenom višejezične kontrastivne analize. U kontrastivnoj se analizi polazi od morfosintaktičke razine te leksičke realizacije semantičke razine, a kolokaciju se promatra kao značenjsku jedinicu i kao istovrijednicu ili prijevodnu inačicu. Odabirom nekoliko teorijskih pristupa, kolokaciju se u ovom radu razumijeva kao tipičnu kombinaciju pretežito dviju riječi koju karakteriziraju uobičajenost, čestotnost supojavljivanja sastavnica i njihov specifični semantički hijerarhijski odnos (Hausmann, 1984, 1995). Prema korpusno utemeljenom metodološkom modelu iz engleskog su kao polazišnog potkorpusa ekstrahirane kolokacije primjenom računalnog softwarea AntConc, posebice funkcije Cluster/N-Grams i programa za konkordancije (Anthony, Windows 3.5.0.). Za analizu i opis odnosa kolokacijskih sastavnica te za pojašnjavanje stvaranja značenja njihovim supojavljivanjem u sintagmatskom nizu i značenjskim međudjelovanjem (engl. meaning by collocation, Firth, 1957) korištene su statističke mjere međusobne povezanosti u računalnoj lingvistici potvrđene kao zlatni standard za izračunavanje statistike. Na sljedećoj razini analize uspoređuju se specifične značajke i semantički odnosi identificiranih istovrijednih kolokacija u njemačkom i hrvatskom jeziku. Budući da su predmet istraživanja stručnojezične kolokacije, ispitivan je i njihov terminološki status, uloga u hijerarhijskoj strukturi taksonomija i odnos istovrijednosti u kontrastivnoj terminološkoj analizi. Pojavnosti utvrđene kontrastiranjem u okviru višerazinske analize sustavno su prikazane te čine osnovu za izvođenje univerzalija primjenom induktivne metode. Rezultati obrade empirijski prikupljenih podataka potvrdili su početno postavljene četiri hipoteze. U odnosu semantičke kohezije koju svojim značenjskih potencijalom uspostavljaju kolokacijske sastavnice, kolokator varijacijama svog osnovnog značenja aktualizira specijalizaciju značenja osnove te ujedno doprinosi semantičkoj transparentnosti kolokacije. Visoka stabilnost veze važno je obilježje odnosa kolokacijskih sastavnica, tako da je zamjena na paradigmatskoj osi moguća samo sinonimnim leksemima koji pripadaju istom pojmovnom polju. Terminološke su varijante potvrđene u sva tri potkorpusa, a karakterizira ih velika tipološka raznolikost i nejednaka zastupljenost. Nadalje, bitna međujezično utvrđena značajka je prevladavanje složenica u njemačkom potkorpusu kao istovrijednicâ engleskih kolokacija s visokom podudarnosti na leksičkoj, semantičkoj, pojmovnoj i funkcionalnoj razini. Specifičnost istovrijednicâ engleskih kolokacija identificiranih u hrvatskom potkorpusu je odnos obrnute linearnosti kolokacijskih sastavnica kao osnove za tvorbu značenja na kolokacijskoj razini i smjer međusobnog utjecaja tj. privlačenja. |
Abstract (english) | This study explores collocations in mechanical engineering texts by applying a multilingual contrastive analysis approach. The point of departure in the contrastive analysis is the morpho-syntactic properties and the lexical realization of the semantic level, viewing a collocation as a unit of meaning and as an equivalent or translation unit. British contextualism (Firth, Sinclair) and lexicological approaches (Hausmann, Cowie) were adopted as two major theoretical approaches, but, considering various distributional, semantic, conceptual, and pragmatic aspects of collocations, further theoretical approaches were needed that draw on theories of lexical semantics and corpus and computational linguistics methods. In this study, collocation is understood as a typical combination of mainly two words characterized by habitualness, high frequency of co-occurrence of its constituents, and their specific semantic hierarchical relationship (Hausmann, 1984, 1995). The aim of the study is to describe the specific properties of nominal collocations identified in the English sub-corpus (adjective + noun, noun + noun), to compare them with their equivalents in German and Croatian, and to highlight the most significant features of this sample as well as the observed universals. Applying a corpus-based two-tier methodological model, collocations were extracted from the English sub-corpus, serving as a starting sub-corpus, by use of the computer software AntConc, in particular the Cluster/N-Grams function and the concordance tool (Anthony, Windows 3.5.0.). Once a frequency-sorted list was created from each monolingual sub-corpus, a list of collocation candidates was created by applying a frequency threshold of 5, which provided data for the fine-grained quantitative and qualitative analysis. To describe the relationship of collocation constituents and to clarify the creation of meaning by their cooccurrence in a syntagmatic sequence as well as by the interdependence of their meanings (‘meaning by collocation’, Firth, 1957), typical association measures, popular in computational linguistics, were used (the mutual information, the t-score, the chi-square test, the loglikelihood ratios, and P). The comparison of the morpho-syntactic properties and semantic relations of identified equivalent collocations in German and Croatian revealed five different structural patterns, and a very high level of full lexical correspondence. The adjective + noun collocation pattern is found to be a multilingual equivalent, whereas nominal compounds proved to be an exclusive feature of German, and noun + prepositional phrase pattern of Croatian. The common matching pattern of German and Croatian is noun + genitive noun. According to these findings, the structural collocation patterns in the German and Croatian languages depend on the language type and the possibilities allowed by word formation processes. Since the subject of the research is LSP collocations, their terminological status, role in the hierarchical structure of taxonomies and the relationship of equivalence in a contrastive terminological analysis were also concerns of interest here. Phenomena observed by contrasting them within the multilevel framework were presented systematically and constituted the basis for the derivation of universals by inductive reasoning. The findings of the empirically collected data analysis confirmed the proposed four hypotheses. In the semantic relation established by the realization of collocation constituents’ meaning potential, the collocate generates the specialization of the base meaning by actualizing one of its meanings, and at the same time contributes to the semantic transparency of the collocation. Given the intra-collocational cohesion, and (non)substitutability of collocation constituents as one of the major features of collocations, the substitution of components is possible only with synonymous lexemes retaining the semantic value of the collocation. Variants of terminological collocations were confirmed in all three sub-corpora exhibiting remarkable typological diversity and uneven representation. Furthermore, an important distinctive feature established cross-linguistically is the prevalence of nominal compounds in German as equivalents of English collocations demonstrating high equivalency at the lexical, semantic, conceptual, and functional levels. |