Ideje Druge internacionale i njeni utjecaji na društvo i radnički pokret:

master's thesis

• Title: Ideje Druge internacionale i njeni utjecaji na društvo i radnički pokret: : diplomski rad
• Title (english): The ideas of the Second International and its influence on society and the labor movement
• Author: Mirna Saks
• Mentor: Ankica Čakardić (mentor)
• Committee member: Ankica Čakardić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Hrvoje Jurić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Goran Sunajko (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences; (Department of Philosophy); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2022-11-22, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: HUMANISTIC SCIENCES; Philosophy; Social Philosophy

Abstract

Najbolji prikaz teškog života engleskog proletarijata sredine 19. stoljeća vjerojatno je onaj koji čitamo u Engelsovom Položaju radničke klase u Engleskoj. U to vrijeme, tj. u vrijeme prije radničkih pokreta, eksploatacija radnika bila je svakodnevna pojava. Uvjeti rada nerijetko su bili opasni po zdravlje, radni dan trajao je 12 ili više sati, djeca su bila sastavni dio radne snage, a radnici su zbog potplaćenosti živjeli u teškom siromaštvu. Naznake mogućih promjena nabolje pojavile su se osnutkom Prve internacionale, a potpuni preokret nastao je, pored ostaloga, zahvaljujući Drugoj internacionali.

Druga internacionala osnovana je u Parizu 1889. godine pod vodstvom Julesa Guesdea i Paula Lafarguea i postojala je sve do 1916. godine. Njena zadaća bila je nastaviti rad Prve internacionale, tj. Međunarodnog udruženja radnika. Karl Marx nije dočekao osnivanje Druge internacionale, ali su zato njegove ideje itekako bile prisutne u njenom radu. Friedrich Engels, Marxov bliski prijatelj i suradnik bio je aktivan član Druge internacionale i savjetnik novoj generaciji socijalista čiji je primarni cilj bila borba za radnička prava. Ono što su svojim aktivnostima članovi Druge internacionale zahtijevali bili su bolji i sigurniji uvjeti rada, veće plaće, jednake plaće za muškarce i žene, osmosatno radno vrijeme, te isključenje djece iz radnog svijeta. Smatrali su da se radnici moraju ujediniti na međunarodnoj razini uz tvrdnju da jedino tako mogu dobiti ono što im pripada. Sva radnička prava koja danas poznajemo i koja su definirana zakonom izravan su rezultat borbe i ustrajnosti rada Druge internacionale.

Iako su se uvjeti rada znatno poboljšali upravo zahvaljujući Drugoj internacionali, oni još uvijek nisu idealni. Zakoni o radu donekle štite radnike, ali su često nedorečeni i skloni interpretaciji. Također, postoji veliki broj radnika koji se zbog svojih specifičnih radnih statusa ne mogu osloniti na zakon o radu ili primjerice učlaniti u sindikate. Ono što je možda najteže danas prihvatiti jest činjenica da u nekim dijelovima svijeta radnici još uvijek žive itekako slično životima engleskih proletera kako ih je Engels opisao u svojoj knjizi.

Dokle god postoji nepravda u radnom svijetu i dokle god je profit važniji od ljudskog života, cilj Druge internacionale neće biti ispunjen. Upravo zbog toga je iznimno važno da se borba nastavi. U konačnici, radnička prava nisu privilegija, već nužnost i kao takva moraju biti u potpunosti ostvarena.

Abstract (english)

The hard life of the proletariat in the mid-19th century is best illustrated through the book of Friedrich Engels The Conditions of the Working Class in England. At that time, i.e. before the workers' movements, the exploitation of workers was a daily occurrence. Working conditions were often dangerous to health, the working day lasted 12 hours or more, children were an integral part of the work collective, and workers lived in severe poverty due to underpayment. Indications of possible changes for the better appeared with the founding of the First International, and a complete reversal occurred thanks to the Second International.

The Second International was founded in Paris in 1889 under the leadership of Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue and existed until 1916. Its task was to continue the work of the First International, i.e. the International Workers' Association. Karl Marx did not welcome the founding of the Second International, but his ideas were very much present in its work. Friedrich Engels, a close friend and collaborator of Marx, was an active member of the Second International and an adviser to the new generation of socialists whose primary goal was the fight for workers' rights. What the members of the Second International demanded were better and safer working conditions, higher wages, equal pay for men and women, eight-hour working day, and the exclusion of children from the working world. They believed that workers must unite internationally, arguing that this was the only way they could get what they deserved. All workers' rights that exist today and are defined by law are a direct result of the struggle and perseverance of the members of the Second International.

Although working conditions have significantly improved thanks to the Second International, they are still not ideal. Labor laws protect workers to some extent but are often vague and prone to interpretation. Also, there are a large number of workers who, due to their specific employment status, cannot rely on labor law or, for example, join trade unions. What is perhaps most difficult to accept is the fact that in some parts of the world workers still live very similar lives as the English proletarians in Engels’ book.

As long as there is injustice in the working world and as long as profit is more important than human life, the goal of the Second International will not be met. That is why it is extremely important that the fight continues. Ultimately, workers' rights are not a privilege but a necessity and as such must be fully realized.

• Keywords: Druga internacionala; radnički pokret; društvo; radnička prava; socijalizam; Marx; Engels
• Keywords (english): Second International; labor movement; society; labor rights; socialism; Marx; Engels
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:131:807517
• Study programme: Title: Philosophy (single major); specializations in: Research; Course: Research; Study programme type: university; Study level: graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra filozofije (magistar/magistra filozofije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2022-11-29 13:03:15