Prirodno stanje i koncepcija države u filozofiji Hobbesa, Lockea i Rousseaua

master's thesis

• Title (english): The state of nature and the conception of the state in philosophy of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau
• Author: Marta Damjanović
• Mentor: Ankica Čakardić (mentor)
• Committee member: Raul Raunić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Luka Bogdanić (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences; (Department of Philosophy); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2022-07-04, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: HUMANISTIC SCIENCES; Philosophy; Social Philosophy

Abstract

U radu su iznesene teorije trojice kontraktualističkih filozofa koje se odnose na raspravu o prirodnom (pretpolitičkom) stanju te koncepcijama osnivanja države pojedinog filozofa. U prvom redu prikazane su teorije Thomasa Hobbesa i Johna Lockea, kao značajnijih filozofa koji su djelovali tijekom 17. stoljeća, u vremenima engleskih građanskih ratova. Uz njih, bit će prikazan i društveno-ugovorni predložak J. J. Rousseaua, filozofa koji je pak djelovao u 18. stoljeću, a čija su djela ujedno utjecala i na kasniji razvoj Francuske revolucije. Hobbesova je filozofija među prvima prikazala prirodno stanje kao rat svakog čovjeka protiv svakog drugog, a što je, kako ćemo pokazati u radu, zapravo oslikavalo i društvo njegova vremena. Lockeova teorija prirodnog stanja zamišljena je tako da su u njemu najprije vladale sloboda i jednakost, a ljudi su bili zaštićeni prirodnim zakonom. Pravo kažnjavanja, koje prema Lockeu posjeduje svaki čovjek u prirodnom stanju, najprije je dovelo do sukoba među ljudima što je konačno preraslo u netrpeljivost. Rousseau, ne prihvaćajući Hobbesovo i Lockeovo viđenje prirodnog stanja, iznosi vlastitu teoriju prema kojoj čovjek živi i radi samostalno i upravo zbog toga je i sretan jer ne dolazi u sukob s drugim ljudima. Sukob i rat među ljudima izbija kada prirodni čovjek prelazi na sjedilački način života i biva prisiljen biti u kontaktu s ljudima što izaziva ljubomoru i zavist među njima. Zbog svih nevolja koje su zadesile ljude u prirodnom stanju, sva trojica filozofa kao rješenje nude osnivanje države koja će preko građanskih zakona brinuti o sigurnosti i imovini svojih podanika.

Abstract (english)

The paper presents the theories of three social contract philosophers related to the discussion of the (pre-political) state of nature and conceptions of the founding of the state of a particular philosopher. In the first place, the theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are presented, as significant philosophers who acted during the 17th century, in times of English civil wars. In addition to them, the socio-contractual template of J. J. Rousseau, a philosopher who in turn acted in the 18th century, and whose works also influenced the later development of the French Revolution, will be presented. Hobbes' philosophy was among the first to portray the state of nature as the war of every man against every other, which, as it will be shown in the paper, actually reflected the society of his time. Locke's theory of the state of nature is conceived in such a way that in it first ruled freedom and equality, and people were protected by natural law. The right to punish, which according to Locke is possessed by every man in his state of nature, first led to conflict between people, which finally turned into intolerance. Rousseau, without accepting Hobbes and Locke's view of the state of nature, puts forward his own theory that man lives and works independently and that is why he is happy because he does not come into conflict with other people. Conflict and war between people breaks out when natural man transitions to a sedentary lifestyle and is forced to be in contact with people, which causes jealousy and envy among them. For all the troubles that have befallen people in their state of nature, all three philosophers offer as a solution the establishment of a state that, through civil laws, will take care of the safety and property of its subjects.

• Keywords: Hobbes; Locke; Rousseau; prirodno stanje; građansko društvo; država; prirodni zakon; prirodna prava
• Keywords (english): Hobbes; Locke; Rousseau; the state of nature; civil society; state; natural law; natural right
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:131:620155
• Study programme: Title: Philosophy (double major); specializations in: Teaching, Research; Course: Research; Study programme type: university; Study level: graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra filozofije (magistar/magistra filozofije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Access restricted to students and staff of home institution
• Created on: 2022-07-08 10:44:17