Osmanske džamije u Dalmaciji u svjetlu ranonovovjekovnih izvora i konzervatorsko-restauratorske koncepcije u post-osmanskom razdoblju

master's thesis

• Title (english): Ottoman Mosques in Dalmatia in the Light of Early Modern Sources and Concepts of Conservation and Restoration in the Post-Ottoman Period
• Author: Duje Jerković
• Mentor: Vjeran Kursar (mentor)
• Mentor: Franko Ćorić (mentor)
• Committee member: Kornelija Jurin Starčević (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Franko Ćorić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Vjeran Kursar (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences; (Department of History); Zagreb
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences; (Department of History of Art); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2021-09-30, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: HUMANISTIC SCIENCES; History; Early Croatian and World History
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: HUMANISTIC SCIENCES; History of Art; Conservation of the Artistic Heritage

Abstract

Autor daje pregled osmanskog zauzimanja Hrvatske i njene upravne podjele te kratak pregled razvoja osmanske arhitekture do 18. st. - vremena koje korespondira s osmanskom vlašću u Hrvatskoj. Posebni naglasak stavlja se na sveobuhvatnu rekonstrukciju vjerskog pejzaža onih dijelova Kliškog i Krčkog sandžaka koji su se nalazili u Dalmaciji. Na poglavlje o ulozi džamija u urbanoj cjelini nastavlja se rasprava da li je uopće osmanska arhitektura u Dalmaciji bila periferalna, koja je priroda njenog odnosa s Bosnom, te važnije, koje su veze s prijestolnicom i arhitekturom Carstva u cjelini. Poseban slučaj problemske analize je arhitekturna rasprava o čimbenicima koji su djelovali na ograničenja osmanske urbanizacije. Slijedi pregled dosadašnje historiografije (Truhelka, Bejtić, Kiel i Hartmuth) o graditeljima vjerskih objekata te kritika njihovih teza kao i problemima vernakularnosti i materijala. Doprinosi poznavanju džamije kliške tvrđave postignuti su analizom statusa olovnih kupola u vrijeme Sinana te uvrštavanjem kliške džamije u korpus građevina koje su imale važnog ali još nejasnog mecenu iako je naslućeno da je to mogao biti sam sultan. U slučaju Drniša promišljanja o vazama u kupoli pokazala su da je džamija bila na tragu Sinanove škole i njenih pothvata u Istanbulu, ali da vremenski vjerojatno korespondira s Plavom džamijom Sinanovog učenika mimara Mehmeda Age. Raspravljeno je i pojavljivanje dalmatinskih džamija u narativima osmanskih intelektualaca kao svojevrsna studija slučaja mjesta vjerskih objekata na granici na Jadranu u osmanskim intelektualnim krugovima. Napoleonski klasicistički način promišljanja konzervatorstva nije pogodovao da dalmatinske džamije u vrijeme Francesca Carrare postanu predmet interesa, ali u narednim desetljećima javit će se interes za njih. Čini se da je okvir promišljanja u Dalmaciji bio pod kulturnom hegemonijom sjeveroistočne Italije i povjesničara umjetnosti Pietra Selvatica. Posebna je pažnja posvećena načinu na koji je džamija u Drnišu tretirana od isključivo uporabnog do spomeničkog objekta. Prvi svjetski rat i talijanska iredentistička historiografija bili su krajnje negativno određeni pram osmanskih spomenika, ali u međuratnoj južnoslavenskoj državi splitski konzervatori Frane Bulić i Ljubo Karaman intenzivno su radili na konzervaciji džamije u Drnišu. U njihovom pristupu osjetio se trag Bečke škole i njemačkih utjecaja kreativnog konzerviranja. Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata konzervatori su intervenirali na Kliškoj džamiji, ali ne i na Drniškoj čija je izvorna kupola propala pa je obnovljena tek nakon nekoliko desetljeća da bi Drniška džamija bila oštećena u Domovinskom ratu. Posebno su obrađeni povijest fotografije i tehničke dokumentacije ovih objekata. Na kraju autor daje opaske o problemima budućih istraživanja i prijedloge kako ih izvesti. Naročiti naglasak stavlja na arheološka iskapanja lokaliteta i razvijanja koncepta muzealizacije budućih nalaza, pri čemu predlaže i osnutak muzeja Kliškog i Krčkog sandžaka u Drnišu.

Abstract (english)

In the introduction the author gives an overview of the Ottoman conquest of Croatian lands alongside the administrative divisions of the newly acquired territories. It is followed by a short overview of the development of the Ottoman architecture up to the eighteenth century, which corresponds with the Ottoman rule over Croatian lands. The focus of the first part of the discussion is a reconstruction of the religious landscape of those parts of the Klis and Krk Sanjaks that encompassed Dalmatia. It consists of several important questions: what was the role of mosques within urban zones; was the Ottoman architecture in Dalmatia peripheral in its character and importance; what was the nature of the relationship between Dalmatia and Bosnia; finally, what were the relations with the capital and the architecture of the Ottoman Empire as a whole. Special analysis regarding the architecture discusses the factors that affected the limitation of Ottoman urbanisation. In the following chapter the author gives an overview of the existing historiography (Truhelka, Bejtić, Kiel and Hartmuth) on the builders of sacral objects, assessing and discussing their theses, and analyses the issues of vernacularity and construction materials.
New insights regarding the mosque of the Klis Fortress were achieved through the analysis of the status of lead domes in the period of Master architect Sinan, and inclusion of the Klis Mosque in the corpus of edifices that had an important but still unknown patron. Some quite well supported arguments go as far as to proposing the patron was the Sultan himself. In the case of Drniš, the assessment of the vases within the dome suggested that the mosque is related to Sinan’s school and its creations in Istanbul, while the timeframe most probably corresponds with the Blue (Sultan Ahmed) mosque built by Mehmed Ağa, Sinan’s disciple. The author then discusses the appearance of Dalmatian mosques in the narratives of Ottoman intellectuals, as a sort of a case study of positioning of sacral objects in the Adriatic border zone within Ottoman intellectual circles. Napoleonic classicistic way of conceiving conservation of monuments was not a fertile ground for any particular interest for Dalmatian mosques within the period when the chief conservator was Francesco Carrara. Nonetheless, next several decades will see an increased interest towards this part of Islamic heritage. It seems that the mainstream framework of understanding monuments was under a cultural hegemony of Northeast Italy, and art history ideas proposed by Pietro Selvatico.
Special attention has been dedicated to the way the Drniš Mosque was treated in a range from the exclusively functional to the object of monumental value. WW1 and Italian irredentist historiography had a highly negative perception of Ottoman monuments, but in the inter-was Yugoslav state chief conservation officers from the Split department worked intensively on the conservation of the Drniš Mosque. Their approach was marked by the influences of the Vienna School and of the German creative conservation. After WW2 the conservation officers made an intervention on the Klis Mosque, however not on the Drniš Mosque whose original dome collapsed, was rebuilt several decades later, only to be again damaged in the Croatian War of Independence (1991-95). There is a separate chapter of the thesis dedicated to the history of photography and technical documentation of these sacral objects. In the end the author offers suggestions on the issues of future research and possible approaches, strongly encouraging two actions: archaeological excavation of the localities and the development of the museological conception of future finds which might eventually lead to the foundation of a Museum of the Klis and Krk Sanjaks in Drniš.

• Keywords: Bečka škola povijesti umjetnosti; Dalmacija; džamije; islamska baština; klasična osmanska arhitektura; konzervacija i restauracija spomenika; osmanske kupole; osmansko – venecijansko krajište
• Keywords (english): Dalmatia; Conservation and restoration of monuments; Classical Ottoman architecture; Ottoman domes; Islamic heretage; Ottoman – Venetian borderlands; Vienna Art School; Mosques; Artisans
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:131:835335
• Study programme: Title: History (single major); specializations in: Research, Teaching; Course: Research; Study programme type: university; Study level: graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra povijesti (magistar/magistra povijesti)
• Study programme: Title: Art History; specializations in: Research; Course: Research; Study programme type: university; Study level: graduate; Academic / professional title: magistar/magistra povijesti umjetnosti (magistar/magistra povijesti umjetnosti)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Access restricted to students and staff of home institution
• Created on: 2021-10-07 16:25:47